Oder Scorpaeniformes Family Dactylopteridae(Flying gurnards) Flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans(Linnaeus, 1758). 50.0 cm SL Italian name/Pesce civetta Japanese name/Nishisemihoubou Chinese name/离棘真豹鲂鮄 D/spine 7, soft ray 8, A/soft ray 6. P1/Soft-rays 34-35. P2/speine 1, soft ray 4. Scales on lateral line/60 - 69
Distribution; Eastern Atlantic/English Channel to Angola, including the Mediterranean, Madeira, and the Azores. Western Atlantic: Canada to Massachusetts, USA and the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina. General; The English common name for Family Dactylopteridae is “Flying gurnards”, but the English common name for a member species, “Dactylopterus volitans”, is also “Flying gurnard”, which can be confusing. This is because the name of this species was selected as the representative common name of the family. The word “Flying gurnard” hereinafter refer to fish with the species name Dactylopterus volitans. Flying gurnard, also known as the Helmet gurnard. This is the only species in the monotypic genus Dactylopterus which distribute only in Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. There are a total of 7 species in Family, the rest 6 species are all in Genus Dactyloptena, and all are distributed in the Indo-Pacific. The Latin “volutans” who is flying, referring to the old belief that these fishes might flying out of the water. Actually Dactylopterus volitans too heavy for doing this, they can only glide over short distances over the bottom
Moderately elongate; body squarish, tapering behind. Head blunt. The sides and top of the head, except for the underside, are covered with bony plate like a helmet. Mouth small, on underside of head; jaws with a band of small, nodular teeth. Lower corner of preopercle with a long spine, with a serrated keel. The fish has large eyes. With two dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin(spinous ray) consists of seven spines, the front two spines being independent and spaced apart from the main first dorsal fin. These two independent spines are very long and are connected to each other only by a basal membrane.
Pectoral fin very large and fan-like that reaches tail fin base. The pectorals are formed by two separate and well distinct parts; a broad part, of elliptic shape, which may have even thirty very flexible rays, and a forward one, formed by six more rigid rays, united forming almost some “legs”, with important touch functions allowing the flying gurnard to walk on the bottom and dig it looking for preys. In addition to walking function of pectoral fins, pelvic fins also act as legs as they slowly make their way across the bottom in search of food.
When threatened, the fish spreads its greatly enlarged pectoral fins like "wings", The flaring of large fins is designed to scare away predators. Like the true gurnards(sea robins), to which they are related, they possess a swim bladder with two lobes and a ‘drumming muscle’ that can beat against the swim bladder to produce sounds. This grunting sound is used by the flying gurnards to communicate with one another. Tail fin slightly concave, with 2 sharp keels at its base; scales hard, bony, with sharp keels.
The color is variegated, multicolored, and flamboyant. The base color is usually red, orange, tan, greenish, or beige, with scattered white and black spots, and the fan-shaped pectoral fin has blue stripes and spots. Found on sand, mud bottoms, or over rocks in sandy areas, often found around reefs. Feeds primarily on benthic crustaceans, especially crabs, clams and small fishes. The reproduction occurs in summer, with several pelagic eggs, and a very fast embryonic development, with variable geometry, with different forms in the various stages of growth. Depth range: 1-150 m. It is very common in Italy and is edible, but not prized.
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