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분류계통/경골상강→조기강→잉어목→잉어과→강준치아과→치리 Superclass Osteichthyes→Class Actinopterygii→Order Cypriniformes→Family Cyprinidae→Subfamily Cultrinae →Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus)
[참고 사항]. 신분류에서 치리 속(Genus Hemiculter; Sharpbelly)은 잉어과(Family Cyprinidae)에서 Family Xenocyprididae(동아시아피라미과)로 분리 되었다. (2025년 9월 검색 기준). Copyright by Kim In Young. 김인영 그림
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| 치리 기본 모습. Lateral view of Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). |
[담수어] D/spine 3, soft rays 7. A/spine 3, soft rays 12~13. P1/spine 1, soft ray 13. P2/spine 1, soft ray 7. Vert/ 38~39. Gill rakers(새파 수)/15-18. LL/49~55. Scale rows above lateral line/7~9. Scale rows below lateral line 2~3. Scales around caudal peduncle/18 – 20 분포; 아시아; 북한의 압록강에서 남한의 섬진강까지의 서해와 남해로 흐르는 하천에 분포하며 낙동강에서 발견되는 것들은 이식된 개체임, 일본(외래종), 중국, 홍콩, 타이완, 몽고, 아무르강 수계, 베트남의 홍강(Red River)에 분포하며 아프가스탄, 우즈베키스탄에 이입되었다. 등지느러미는 주둥이 끝보다 꼬리지느러미 기부 쪽으로 머리 길이의 1/2 만큼 더 가깝게 위치해 있다. 등지느러미는 배지느러미보다 뒤에서 시작하며 뒷지느러미는 등지느러미보다 뒤에 있다. 등지느러미의 첫 연조는 앞에 있는 극조(가시 기조) 처럼 보이는 기조보다 길이가 약간 더 길며 머리의 길이와 거의 같다. 뒷지느러미의 기점은 등지느러미를 눌렀을 때의 그 끝 아래에 위치한다. 가슴지느러미는 좁고 길며 상단 끝이 뾰족하다. 가슴지느러미는 첫 기조가 가장 길다. 꼬리지느러미 뒤는 깊이 갈라져 상엽(上葉; upper lobe)과 하엽(下葉; lower lobe)을 이룬다. 각 엽의 끝이 뾰족하다는 설명이 있으나 이는 죽은 개체의 꼬리 지느러미가 펼쳐지지 못한 경우의 모습일 것이며 정상적으로는 뾰족한 모양이 아니다. 꼬리지느러미의 하엽이 상엽보다 길다는 설명이 있으나 그 차이는 미미한 것 같고 거의 동일하며 개체의 놓임 상태에 따라 다르게 보일 수 있다고 본다. 몸의 등선과 복선이 모두 완만하게 볼록한 곡선이며 놓여 진 물리적 조건이나 신선도에 따라 복선이 더 볼록한 경우도 있다. 머리 윗면은 거의 편평하다. 위턱 끝은 눈에 이르지 못하고 콧구멍 아래에 이른다. 콧구멍은 크고 솟아나와 있으며 피편 한 개에 의해 분리되어 있고 주둥이 끝보다 눈 쪽으로 더 가깝게 있다. 눈은 큰 편이고 약간 돌출되어 있다. 측선은 완전하며, 아가미뚜껑 끝 위에서 출발하여 돔 지붕의 우측 변처럼 급하게 휘어져 가슴지느러미가 끝나기 약간 전 위치에서 가장 아래 위치에 도달한 다음 뒷지느러미 기저부 끝까지 복부 선과 거의 평행으로 진행한 다음 거기서 다시 미병부의 중앙으로 급하게 올라갔다가 직선으로 꼬리지느러미 기부 중앙에 이른다. 몸 빛깔은 은백색 바탕에 등쪽은 연한 청갈색 또는 연한 녹갈색이다. 죽은 개체는 전체적으로 희고 위쪽이 어두우며 모든 지느러미는 희다. 하천의 흐름이 느린 곳이나 연못의 중층과 상층에서 산다. 빠르게 헤엄치며 성질은 급한 편이다. 잡식성으로 수서 곤충, 작은 동물, 식물의 씨앗 등을 섭식한다. 산란기는 6∼7월이다. 치리(Sharpbelly)는 점착성 있는 알(adhesive eggs)을 낳아 모래, 해조류 등 물체에 부착시키며 반면에 살치는 알을 물에 살포하는 방식으로 낳아 부유생활을 하게 한다(pelagic eggs). (Source; www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/7/284). 치리는 가시가 많아서 식용으로 이용되지 않는다. ※ 살치와 치리의 종 혼란 문제(Hemiculter eigenmanni?, H. leucisculus? H. bleekeri?) 한국에서의 문제는 학명 Hemiculter leucisculus는 오래전부터 치리가 아닌 살치에 적용되어 있었다는 것이다. 살치는 1977년부터 정문기 박사에 의하여 학명 Hemiculter leucisculus가 적용되어 있었다. 따라서 한국에서는 살치의 학명 Hemiculter leucisculus를 던져버리고 진짜 학명이 무엇인지 찾아내야 했다. 기존 학술 데이터를 다시 조사해 본 결과(한국의 학명 변경은 별도로 진행된 연구의 결과 논문에 의한 것으로는 보이지 않는다) 살치의 외형과 유전자는Hemiculter bleekeri에 가까웠으며 따라서 살치의 학명으로 Hemiculter bleekeri를 적용시키기로 하였다(2012). 이에 따라 한국의 살치는 Hemiculter bleekeri가 되었다. 그러나fishbase.org, Eschmeyer's Database, WORMS 같은 국제적 연구단체에서는 아직 한국 학계의 주장을 인정한 정보가 보이지 않으며 두 종을 여전히 동종이명 관계로 보거나 미결 상태로 취급하고 있다.(2025년 9월 현재) 일본에서도 Hemiculter leucisculus(치리)는 한국에서와 같은 종복체(species complex) 문제를 일으켰다. 일본명은 카와이와시(Kawa-iwashi;カワイワシ)이며 일본에서는 외래 종이다. 일본에서는 외래종Hemiculter leucisculus와 원래 일본에 분포하고 있는2종(Hemiculter tchangi, Hemiculter yungaoi)이 종복합체 혼란을 일으켰으나 2025년 2월에 발표된 논문으로 혼란이 정리되었다. (https://www.museum.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/ichthy/INHFJ_2025_052_054.pdf.)
측선 모양의 차이; 치리와 살치의 차이는 구별하기가 매우 어려우며 유일한 방법은 측선의 모양 차이를 비교하는 것이라고 알려져 있다. 치리의 측선은 아가미 뚜껑 위쪽 모서리의 위에서부터 급하게 구부러진 모양으로 하강하고 살치는 완만한 곡선으로 하향한다는 것이 일반적인 설명이다. 더 정확하게 표현하면 치리의 측선은 돔 지붕의 우측 곡면 비슷하게 떴다가 내려가 가슴지느러미가 끝나기 약간 전 위치에서 가장 낮아지며 살치의 측선은 출발점에서 놀이터의 미끄럼틀처럼 하강하여 가슴지느러미가 끝나는 위치에서 가장 낮아진다. 사진들을 검토해 보면 이 두 가지 형태는 분명 존재한다. 그러나 국내외의 여러 사진들을 비교해 보면 출발 지점의 곡선 모양은 중간 형으로 애매하게 보이는 경우도 두 종에서 모두 나타난다. 측선 모양이 서로 같은 부분; 뒷지느러미 기저부 끝에 도달한 측선이 급하게 미병부 중앙으로 상승하였다가 꼬리지느러미 기부 중간까지 직선으로 이어지는 모양은 양측이 동일하다.
※ 치리는 한국 고유종이 아니다. 소개 원문 73. Parapelecus eigenmanni sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 1.) Type No. 4565, 5.5 inches, Suigen, Korea. D. 9; A. 15; scales in median series about 50; depth 4 in length; head 4.5; eye 4 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3; maxillary 3; pectoral 1; depth of caudal peduncle 2.5. Lateral line very low, with an abrupt anterior arch; body elongate, compressed, deepest in front of ventrals; back slightly elevated; ventral outline much more convex than dorsal; head broad, almost flat on top; dorsal outline much more convex than dorsal; head broad, almost flat on top; dorsal profile of head straight; snout high; mouth rather small, terminal, oblique; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching vertical from nostrils, not to eye; nostrils large, elevated, separated by a flap, nearer eye than tip of snout; eye large, slightly elevated, not entering profile; belly trenchant from below pectorals to vent, arched before and behind ventrals. Dorsal fin inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to half the head; first soft ray slightly longer than spine-like ray, almost equal to length of head; caudal deeply forked; lower lobe slightly the longer; pectoral long, pointed; first ray longest, reaching four-fifths distance to ventrals, which are inserted half their length before dorsal, and extend half way to anal; anal rather long and low; first rays twice the length of last, inserted under apex of depressed dorsal. Color in spirits entirely pale, slightly dusky above; all fins pale. Described from type and cotype, the former 5.5, the latter 3.75 inches in total length. The type was taken at Suigen, Korea, and is No. 4565 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum. It is named for Prof. C. H. Eigenmann. |
[Freshwater fish] D/spine 3, soft rays 7. A/spine 3, soft rays 12~13. P1/spine 1, soft ray 13. P2/spine 1, soft ray 7. Vert/ 38~39. Gill rakers(새파 수)/15-18. LL/49~55. Scale rows above lateral line/7~9. Scale rows below lateral line 2~3. Scales around caudal peduncle/18 – 20. Distribution; Asia/In Korea(the Korean Peninsula), found in rivers and streams flowing into the West and South Seas, including all streams; the Yalu River in North Korea to the Seomjin River in South Korea. Those found in the Nakdong River are introduced specimens. They are distributed in China, Hong Kong, Japan, the Amur River basin, the Red River, and Mongolia, and have been introduced to several countries, including Iran. Dorsal fin inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to half the head. Dorsal fin originates behind the pelvic fin, and the anal fin lies behind the dorsal fin. The first soft ray slightly longer than spine-like ray, almost equal to length of head. Anal fn inserted under apex of depressed dorsal. The pectoral fin is narrow and elongated, with pointed tip at the uppermost end, and first ray longest. The rear of the caudal fin is deeply forked, forming an upper lobe and a lower lobe. Some literature describes the tips of each lobe as pointed, but this likely occurs only in dead specimens where the caudal fin is collapsed rather than spread; normally, the tips are not pointed. While it is stated that the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe, the difference appears minimal, with the lobes being nearly identical in length. The perceived difference may depend on the posture and the freshness of the individual specimen. The body's dorsal and abdominal contours are both gently convex, and depending on the physical conditions under which they are placed, the abdominal line may be more convex. Top of the head almost flat. Maxillary reaching vertical from nostril, not to eye. Nostrils large, elevated, separated by a flap, nearer eye than tip of snout; eye large, slightly elevated, The lateral line is complete, originating above the upper tip of the gill cover, falls like the right curve of a dome, reaching its lowest point before the end of the pectoral fin, then running almost parallel to the abdomen to the posterior end of the anal fin, from which it ascends sharply to the middle of the peduncle and then in a straight line to the middle of the caudal fin base. The body color is silvery white, and the upper side is light grayish blue brown or light gray greenish-brown. Color in spirits entirely pale, slightly dusky above; all fins pale. They live in slow-moving streams and reservoirs, swim in mid or surface depth. They swim quickly and have a quick temper. They are omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects, small animals, and plant seeds. The spawning season is June to July. Sharpbelly lays adhesive eggs that attach to objects like sand and seaweed, while Bleeker’s Sharpbelly(Hemiculter bleekeri) lay pelagic eggs that disperse into the water, enabling a pelagic lifestyle. (Source; www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/7/284). Sharpbelly is not used for food due to its numerous spines. ※ Species confusion in Korea between the Hemiculter eigenmanni, Hemiculter leucisculus and Hemiculter bleekeri The problem in Korea is that the scientific name Hemiculter leucisculus had long been applied to the Korean Salchi, not the Korean Chiri. The scientific name Hemiculter leucisculus had been applied to the Korean Salchi since 1977, by the famous Korean ichthyologist Dr. Jeong Moon-ki. Therefore, in Korea, the Hemiculter leucisculus, the scientific name of Salchi had to be discarded and the true scientific name for Salchi had to be determined. A review of existing academic data(which does not appear to be based on new research conducted in Korea) revealed that the morphology and genes of the Salchi were closer to those of Hemiculter bleekeri, and therefore, it was decided to apply Hemiculter bleekeri as the scientific name for Salchi(2012). Consequently, the Korean Salchi became Hemiculter bleekeri. However, international research organizations such as fishbase.org, Eschmeyer's Database, and WORMS have yet to confirm the Korean academic claim, and the two species are still considered synonymous or treated as unresolved(as of September 2025). In Japan, Hemiculter leucisculus has also caused a species complex problem similar to that in Korea. Its Japanese name is Kawaiwashi(カワイワシ), and it is an introduced species in Japan. In Japan, the introduced species Hemiculter leucisculus and the two native species(Hemiculter tchangi and Hemiculter yungaoi) caused confusion of the species complex, but a paper published in February 2025 resolved the confusion. (https://www.museum.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/ichthy/INHFJ_2025_052_054.pdf.)
The difference between Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus) and the Bleeker’s Sharpbelly(Hemiculter bleekeri) is known to be very difficult to distinguish, and the only known method is to compare the shape of their lateral lines. The general explanation is that Sharpbelly’s lateral line descends sharply from its starting point behind the gill cover, while Bleeker’s Sharpbelly's descends in a gentle curve. More precisely, the lateral line of Sharpbelly falls like the right curve of a dome, reaching its lowest point before the end of the pectoral fin. The lateral line of the Bleeker’s Sharpbelly descends like a playground slide from its starting point, reaching its lowest point at the end of the pectoral fin. Examining photographs clearly demonstrates the existence of these two forms. However, comparing various photographs domestic and abroad, it is sometimes seen in both species that the curve shape of the beginning area is neither this nor that, appearing ambiguous. Part with the same lateral line shape; The lateral line, which reached the end of the anal fin base, quickly rises to the center of the peduncle and leads in a straight line to the middle of the caudal fin base, is the same in both species.
※ The sharpbelly(chiri) is not a species endemic to Korea. =================== Original text in English: 73. Parapelecus eigenmanni sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 1.) Type No. 4565, 5.5 inches, Suigen, Korea. D. 9; A. 15; scales in median series about 50; depth 4 in length; head 4.5; eye 4 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3; maxillary 3; pectoral 1; depth of caudal peduncle 2.5. Lateral line very low, with an abrupt anterior arch; body elongate, compressed, deepest in front of ventrals; back slightly elevated; ventral outline much more convex than dorsal; head broad, almost flat on top; dorsal outline much more convex than dorsal; head broad, almost flat on top; dorsal profile of head straight; snout high; mouth rather small, terminal, oblique; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching vertical from nostrils, not to eye; nostrils large, elevated, separated by a flap, nearer eye than tip of snout; eye large, slightly elevated, not entering profile; belly trenchant from below pectorals to vent, arched before and behind ventrals. Dorsal fin inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to half the head; first soft ray slightly longer than spine-like ray, almost equal to length of head; caudal deeply forked; lower lobe slightly the longer; pectoral long, pointed; first ray longest, reaching four-fifths distance to ventrals, which are inserted half their length before dorsal, and extend half way to anal; anal rather long and low; first rays twice the length of last, inserted under apex of depressed dorsal. Color in spirits entirely pale, slightly dusky above; all fins pale. Described from type and cotype, the former 5.5, the latter 3.75 inches in total length. The type was taken at Suigen, Korea, and is No. 4565 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum. It is named for Prof. C. H. Eigenmann. ====================== |
치리의 분포도. Distribution map of Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Source/GBIF(as of September. 2025)
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치리. Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Location/Hefei, Anhui, China(중국 안후이성 허페이시). Author/张艺言. (CC BY NC).
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치리. Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Location/Korea, specific location not disclosed. Author/성무성. Source/naturing.net/. (CC BY NC).
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치리. Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Location/Beijing, China. Author/Roger Peng. (CC BY NC).
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치리, 샘플 채집 어항 사진. Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus) in Sample collection tank. Location/Tuen Mun, Hongkong. Author/H.T.Cheng. (CC BY NC). |
Illustration of the Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). This is a classic document from "A Catalog of the Fishes Known from the Waters of Korea," published by the Carnegie Institution for Science in the United States in 1913. Only the Sharpbelly section is cropped from an original page’s image. The scientific name in the original text is Parapelecus eigenmanni, which was later changed to Hemiculter eigenmanni and then to Hemiculter leucisculus. Authors: David Starr Jordan and Charles William Metz. Collection: Carnegie Museum. |
치리, Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Location/Taipei, Taiwan. Author/芝貓. (CC BY NC).
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치리(Sharpbelly; Hemiculter leucisculus)의 등과 배의 정 중앙선 모습. 배 중앙에 칼날 같은 융기선이 있는 것이 특징이다(오른 쪽 사진). Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus) dorsal and ventral midline appearance. Characterized by a blade-like ridge along the ventral midline (right photo). Location/Taipei, Taiwan. Author/arthurlk11. (CC BY NC).
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치리. Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Location/Korea, specific location not disclosed. Author/김진우. Source/naturing.net/. (CC BY NC).
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치리(Hemiculter leucisculus). 보존 표본. 완모식표본(holotype) 채집 장소/한국. 보관처/미국 필드 박물관(Field Museum).Preserved specimen of Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Specimen type/holotype. Location/Korea, specific location not disclosed. Author/Field Museum of Natural History(Zoology) Fish Collection. (CC BY NC). |
치리(Hemiculter leucisculus). 보존 표본 X-ray. 완모식표본(holotype) 채집 장소/한국. 보관처/미국 필드 박물관(Field Museum).Preserved specimen X-ray of Sharpbelly(Hemiculter leucisculus). Specimen type/holotype. Location/Korea, specific location not disclosed. Author/Field Museum of Natural History(Zoology) Fish Collection. (CC BY NC). |
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