Order Syngnathiformes Family Syngnathidae(pipefishes and seahorses) Weedy seadragon(or Common seadragon) Phyllopteryx taeniolatus(Lacepède, 1804). Max length/46.0 cm TL Korean name/pul-ip-hae-ryong(풀잎해룡) Chinese name/澳洲葉海馬魚, 葉海馬魚 D/spines 0, soft rays 27~34, P1/20~23, Rings/17~18+31~37
Distribution; East Indian Ocean and Southwest Pacific/from the southern Indian Ocean of Western Australia state to the state of New South Wales including the Tasmanian Island, and the Pacific coast of northern Queensland. Endemic to Australia. General; There are three species of fish called Seadragon, all of which are endemic to Australia. They are; Leafy seadragon(Phycodurus eques), Weedy seadragon(Phyllopteryx taeniolatus), and Ruby seadragon(Phyllopteryx dewysea), and they are easily confused with each other. Weedy seadragon is aslo called as Common seadragon. The standard name of the species in Australia is 'Common Seadragon', but many people know the fish by the name 'Weedy Seadragon'. It belongs to Family Syngnathidae of Order Syngnathiformes along with seahorses. The Weedy seadragon is the marine emblem of the Australian state of Victoria. 'Weedy Seadragon' refers to the leaf-like appendages on the body.
[Remark] Ribboned pipefish(Haliichthys taeniophorus), which occur only in southern Australia, is also sometimes called Ribboned seadragon, causing confusion in names of Seadragon. Despite its common name, the Ribboned Seadragon, this species is not a true seadragon, but a member of the pipefish group of fishes.
Variable in colour. Shallow water leafy seadragons are usually reddish-orange to purplish base colour with densely packed fine yellow spots on head and body and with dark pink or bluish rib bars. Those that live in deeper water are dark brown to burgundy red. What make them unique are their brown to often purple seaweed-like appendages that are hanging all over their body. Color and leafy appendages are influenced by environment and food that can vary considerably with depth and geography. Specimens from deep water are brighter colored and less leafy. Some forms have localised features or colors as they are non-pelagic. Some move to deeper water during the winter months when food is scarce.
They have small, leaf-like appendages that resemble kelp or seaweed fronds, providing camouflage, as well as a number of short spines for protection. As with seahorses and the other syngnathids, the seadragon(Phyllopteryx taeniolatus and Phycodurus eques) has a similarly long tubular snout and a fused, toothless jaw into which it captures small invertebrate prey at lightning speed. Females are deeper-bodied than males. Seadragons have a long dorsal fin along the back and small pectoral fins on either side of the neck, which provide balance.
Range and habitat/The Weedy seadragon(Common seadragon) is endemic to Australia. It can generally be found along the entire southern coastline of the Australian continent, including Tasmania and other offshore islands and the Pacific coast of northern Queensland. Southern Tasmanian population grows much larger and has deeper body compared to those from the northern end of their geographical range. The Weedy seadragon inhabits coastal waters down around 3m to 50m deep. It is associated with rocky reefs, seaweed beds, seagrass meadows and structures colonised by seaweed
Biology/The seadragons(Weedy seadragon and Leafy seadragon) are slow-moving and, like most of their relatives, rely on excellent camouflage—the mimicry of seaweed, in this case—as a defense against predators. They lack the prehensile tail that many seahorses and pipefishes have evolved as anchors, to clasp and steady themselves; seadragons, instead, drift in the water among kelp and seaweed masses, which they blend-into with their leafy-looking appendages. Individuals are observed either on their own or in pairs, feeding on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton by sucking prey into their toothless mouths.
Like other pipefish species, they are ovoviviparous, the male stores the eggs and hatches them. However, instead of having a brood pouch(sac) to store eggs like seahorses, eggs are stored by attaching to the underside skin of the tail. This part is called the brood patch. Females lay eggs onto the brood patch. The eggs are fertilised and carried by the male. Each eggs imbedded in the skin that has been soften when they were laid and reacted by raising around each one and hardened, providing a cup to hold them secure. Incubation time is about 8 weeks with up to 250 young hatching from a single brood.
Hatchlinngs settle on the substrate. Their snout is short and they lack the elaborate leafy bits, but this grows quickly and after two days their snout is produced whilst their yolk that supported them has run out, but they are ready to hunt. The young are independent at birth. Weedy seadragon(Common seadragon) takes about 28 months to reach sexual maturity, and may live for up to six years. Mating in captivity is relatively rare since researchers have yet to understand what biological or environmental factors trigger them to reproduce. The survival rate for young Weedy seadragon(Common seadragon) is low in the wild, but it is about 60% in captivity.
Threats/The Weedy seadragon(Common seadragon) is classified as Least Concern(LC) on the IUCN Red List. While the Weedy seadragon(Common seadragon) is a desired species in the international aquarium trade, the volume of wild-caught individuals is small and therefore not currently a major threat. Instead, habitat loss and degradation due to human activities and pollution threaten Weedy seadragon most. This species is not at present a victim of bycatch or a target of trade in traditional Chinese medicine, two activities which are currently a threat to many related seahorse and pipefish populations. More recent research suggests that the weedy seadragon may be far more endangered than initially assumed as a result of climate change-induced marine heatwaves on the Great Southern Reef. Edgar et al (2023) documented a population decline of 59% between 2011 and 2021, a period of frequent and extensive marine heatwaves. This would be enough to classify it as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Artificial incubation/Captive breeding programs are in place for the weedy seadragon, headed up by Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium. The dragon has been difficult to breed in captivity, though in 2015, research observing the creatures in the wild and trying to replicate the conditions in captivity had researchers making changes to the light, water temperature and water flow proving to be key. Breeing is possible in high tank which is needed for their egg-transfer as they usually rise towards the surface to do this. Specimens can live well over 10 years in captivity. In December 2015, the Melbourne aquarium hatched eggs and the aquarium's weedy seadragon population significantly increased. The aquarium reported in March 2016 that 45 fry were still going strong, a 95% survival rate.
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