Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae(Herrings, shads, sardine, menhadens) European pilchard Sardina pilchardus(Walbaum, 1792). Max length/27.5 cm SL Korean name/yu-reob-jeon-eo-ri(유럽정어리) Chinese name/沙丁魚 D/spines 0, soft ray 13-21. A/spines 0, soft rays 12-23.
Distribution; Northeast Atlantic/from Iceland and the southern part of Norway and Sweden southwards to Senegal in West Africa. Mediterranean Sea/common in the western half and the Adriatic Sea, but uncommon in the eastern half. Black Sea. General; The European pilchard(Sardina pilchardus) is a species in the monotypic genus Sardina. The young of the species are among the many fish that are sometimes called sardines. The European pilchard is a small to medium-sized, somewhat elongated, herring-like fish. Body sub-cylindrical, belly rather rounded(but more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded(without fleshy outgrowths). 3 to 5 distinct body striae radiating downward on lower part of operculum. Lower gill rakers not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, the upper series not overlapping the lower. The origin of the pelvic fins is well behind that of the dorsal fin, and the last two soft rays on the anal fin are larger than the remainder.
The explanations of body color is not clear. In many photos and drawings, the dorsal side is dark blue, the belly side is white, and there is no pattern. However, there is one explanation that It has a series of dark spots along upper flanks of its body(source/https://thisfish.info/fishery/species/european-pilchard/), In one source, its’ dorsal side is green or olive-colored, the flanks are golden, and the belly is silver-white(Wikipedia; source; Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 20 August 2018). An underwater photograph matching to the latter source is found, which also has black spot series on its body. Most of the images and descriptions have no body markings and no description of green and gold body colors. So I feel confused. This is something that needs to be checked later.
It is a migratory, schooling, largely coastal species but sometimes travels as far as 100 km out to sea. During the day it is mostly in the depth range 25 to 55 m but can go as deep as 100 m. At night it is generally from 10 to 35 m beneath the surface. In the Mediterranean, the European pilchard moves offshore in the autumn, preferring the deeper cooler waters and constant salinity out at sea to the variable temperatures and salinities of inshore waters. Spawning starts to take place in winter, and in early spring, juveniles, larvae and some adults move towards the coast, while other adults migrate inshore later in the year. Multiple batches of eggs are produced over a long breeding period, total fecundity being 50,000 to 60,000. Most juveniles become sexually mature at about a year old and a length of 13 to 14 cm, pilchards are fully grown at about 21 cm when aged about eight years. The diet consists of both zooplankton and phytoplankton. The zooplankton is largely copepods and their larvae, which make daily vertical migrations to feed near the surface at night, and this is when the adult pilchards feed on them; juveniles feed during the day as well.
Along with the European anchovy(Engraulis encrasicolus), the European pilchard plays an important intermediate role in the Mediterranean ecosystem as a consumer of plankton and as a food for larger demersal predators such as the European hake(Merluccius merluccius) and the European conger eel(Conger conger). This role is particularly noticeable in the Adriatic Sea where the water is shallow, the food chain is shorter and energy is retained within the basin; overfishing of pilchard and anchovy can thus cause dramatic changes in the ecosystem.
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